The three most common breeding methods of peony

The propagation methods of tree peony can be divided into sexual propagation (sowing) and asexual propagation (grafting, Ramet) .

1. Sow

Because of the large propagation coefficient, sowing is used to breed rootstock and breed new varieties. The cultivation of medicinal peony is mainly propagated by seed.

In the wild state, tree peony mainly propagates its offspring by seeds. After long-term artificial cultivation, peony stamens and pistils degeneration, change into petals, most of the loss of fruit-bearing capacity. Therefore, asexual propagation has become the main propagation method to keep the fine characters of tree peony. According to the observation, the higher the evolution degree of Peony Flower Type (that is, more flower layers, Rise) , the more serious the degeneration of pistil and stamen, the smaller the possibility of fruiting. Only single and semidouble varieties and Fengdan can bear seeds.

Peony seeds are usually collected in late July to early August. The seed coat inside the pod changes from white to blue. Peony species like tender does not like old. Not fully mature peony seeds of its many characteristics are not fixed, not only after planting is easy to germinate, but also easy to produce variation, the formation of new varieties. The mature peony seeds had a low germination rate when they were sown, and some of them did not germinate until next year.

The peony seeds take root after 15-20 days after sowing, then germinate and burrow from late February to early March of the following year, remove the mulch in advance, and water them once every 10-15 days with little rain in some dry areas, thin manure may be applied after April with watering. According to this method, the seedlings can be used for grafting or transplanting after two years of sowing, and after 3-5 years they can blossom successively. However, most of the non-grafted seedlings had white single-layer flowers and few had pink multi-layer flowers.

2. grafting

Grafting is the best method to propagate peony varieties and keep the good varieties and genetic characters. It can propagate quickly and increase the propagation coefficient. The ornamental quality and application value of peony were improved by grafting.

(1) selection of rootstocks

The root of 2-3-year-old seedlings of Paeonia lactiflora or paeonia lactiflora was used as the grafting rootstock, and the seedling with the diameter of 1cm or more was used as the rootstock.

(2) Scion selection

The Scions should be selected from the healthy plants, which are the first-year-old branches with strong sprouting shoots and pith and solid, and the second-year-old branches with strong sprouts and full sprouts, which contain more nutrients, and the second-year-old branches with strong sprouts, good for wound healing and survival. The scions are generally about 6 ~ 10 cm long with robust terminal buds and one or several small lateral buds. The scions should be clipped or jointed and not put in for long.

(3) grafting method

1 grafting: the grafting time of peony is usually from the first ten days of September to the first ten days of October, and the suitable temperature is 15 ~ 28 °C. By:

Dig out the rootstock to clean the soil on the root, put in 500 times isofenphos-methyl and topsin mixture soaked in 15 to 20 minutes, remove and dry the liquid medicine. Cut off the rootstock above the rootstock with the eye of the bud, split it with a sharp blade from the middle, and insert the cut Scion, aligning the cambium (that is, the cortex) ; if the rootstock and scion are not of the same thickness, just align it on one side. Tie with bast from top to bottom, then apply evenly with a thick and moderate paste on the incision, be sure to completely paste the wound. According to the provisions of deep planting, planting depth to the wound and natural ground is appropriate. Then the soil for the ridge, Ridge High to be able to completely bury the degree of Scion, too deep impact on the survival rate, too shallow scion easy to dry. Can not be watered within 20 days, so as not to affect the healing; first ten days of the following March unearthed alive, the general survival rate of more than 80% . After the survival of a number of drought in mid-march after half-monthly watering, watering twice in the water ploughing and weeding once; Phosphate and potassium fertilizers (5 ~ 7 kg per mu) can be applied once in late June, and can be sold or transplanted out of the garden after two years.

2 Bud Grafting: the bud grafting of tree peony is mainly used for changing varieties or cultivating a multi-colored plant. Bud grafting time should be from early May to late June, the operation time should be in 10 ~ 17 hours, at this time the cortex should be separated, adhesive. The axillary buds on the grafted part of the rootstock were removed together with cambium to retain the intact woody bud base, and the buds on the scion were peeled off in the same way and quickly sheathed on the rootstock bud base. Note that the two should coincide with each other, and finally with graft tape tight. The next month, when the bud is considered to have survived, remove the rootstock with tape to remove vegetations. The leaves on the rootstock should be retained to concentrate nutrients on the bud, which is conducive to the formation of full flower buds in the current year, flowering the following year.

3 subcutaneous: the time must be in early September to early October. The wound heals easily when the temperature is 20 ~ 25 °C. The length of the scion is 4 ~ 8 cm, and the flower bud is usually selected, and the two sides of the scion should be cut at 2 ~ 3 cm below the Scion, the long and short sides should be about 3 cm and 1 cm respectively, and the cut should be smooth. The thick lateral branches were selected as rootstock, and a 2-3cm long interface was cut on the side of the smooth upper branches. The scion is inserted into the base of the rootstock notch slightly obliquely, so that the two layers are closely connected and compact; if the thickness is not the same, one side can be aligned. Tie the joint from top to bottom with grafting tape, hemp rope and other materials, then cover the joint and the joint with a plastic bag, tie the plastic bag mouth tightly at a distance of 1 cm from the joint, so as to keep the temperature and moisture, and avoid the infiltration of rain water, improve the survival rate.

3. Ramets

Ramets are also called ramets. Tree peony is a cluster shrub, most varieties of roots often produce adventitious buds and germination branches. There are more than ten branches in a cluster of peony peonies, and there are 3 ~ 5 roots under each branch to supply nutrient and water, and the branches are connected with each other, therefore, in the Ramet reproduction must be aware of the root of the relationship between the interconnection, along its”Texture” natural potential for ramet, must not be arbitrary pull hard cent. In Luoyang, Ramet breeding is usually carried out in early October and not later than the end of November. If the time ramets, peony new root many, the next year vigorous growth, late ramets, its new root less and short, next year germination because of new root less, poor absorption of water and nutrients, seedling growth weakness or even death.

Key points of land arrangement for tree peony planting

Time and choice of land consolidation

Need to be sorted out in August, the soil can be neutral slightly acid and alkali

2. Good drainage measures

Tree peony planting areas try to choose near the river, drainage ditch, higher terrain. According to the terrain block"Field" character cutting, digging around drainage system to prevent water.

III. Good choice of land after the need to turn deep to 40-50 cm, such a strong permeability, suitable for the growth of peony

Use Fertilizer and medicine before deep ploughing

Before the land is plowed deeply, you can sprinkle some organic bacteria fertilizer and chemical fertilizer on the soil (acid and alkali) , you can also use organic fertilizer, you can choose animal dung such as sheep dung, cow dung, you can also use some soybean meal and so on, but must be fermented before you can use, before the use of drugs to do the treatment, the drug is mainly used for sterilization, killing the adult eggs of underground pests. The drugs used include Carbendazim, phoxim, and fosthiazate, which are stirred evenly and then spread evenly over the fields.

Common Pests and Diseases of Peony-

Tree Peony, as China’s unique woody flowers, with thousands of years of natural growth and more than 2000 years of artificial cultivation history, widely loved by the people, often found in the garden or landscape. However, in the process of tree peony cultivation, due to weather, soil and management and other reasons, it is easy to appear disease. The infected plants often show the phenomenon of leaf covered with disease spot or edge withered, branches thin and weak, root rot and disfigurement, if the infected plants are not treated in time, the disease will spread in a large scale, which greatly affects the ornamental value and economic value of the tree peony. Therefore, peony disease control is an important part of the cultivation of peony, today to give you a brief introduction of the six major peony disease control.

01Anthrax

Damage parts: stems, petioles and petals and other plant young tissues

Manifestation: the leaf surface will appear small brown spots, when serious into a round or irregular spots can lead to perforation, the affected young leaves will also show the characteristics of shrinkage, curling. After infection, the stem will appear initially reddish brown oblong spots, then will develop into large irregular spots, the middle will appear inconspicuous light gray, the edge of the spot is reddish brown. Infected stems will bend and eventually fold, and young stems will wither and die in a short period of time. The petal and the flower scale can appear bud wither and the deformity flower and so on question, if the occurrence disease is in the rainy and wet season, the surface also can produce the pink spore pile.

High incidence: the pathogen of anthracnose usually overwintering in the form of hyphae in the diseased plant. Conidia will germinate and spread when the temperature is suitable in the second year.

Methods of prevention and Cure:

1 deep turn the soil of peony cultivation, improve the air permeability of soil and the environment of microorganism growth, ensure the root can stretch to grow, absorb sufficient nutrient.

(2) pruning the whole plant in time, removing dead branches and debris, and burying or incinerating them.

3 spraying 75% Mancozeb or Anthrax Thiram 500 times, once every 15 days, continuously spraying 2-3 times.

02 Powdery mildew

Damage parts: leaves and petioles

Manifestation: the peony leaves will form a layer of white powdery spot in the early stage, and the disease spot will appear on both sides of the petiole and leaf surface in the late stage, accompanied by many small black spots, and gradually expand and develop into a large area of disease spot, it can cause whole leaves and stalks to wither and die.

High-incidence period: generally in the rainy and wet season occurs very serious, too dense plants or poor ventilation can also cause peony powdery mildew.

The control methods were as follows:

(1) proper pruning and shaping could be carried out to improve the ventilation and light permeability of the plants and to remove the infected leaves in time. (2) spraying 20% triadimefon WP and strengthening field management, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer could be applied properly, but the amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be strictly controlled to improve the disease resistance of plants.

3 sulphur mixture could be sprayed before sprout in spring, 80% Mancozeb wettable powder or carbendazim could be sprayed at the onset of disease in growing season, once every 15 days and three times continuously.

03Root rot

Damage: Root

Manifestation: the leaves will turn yellow or reddish, some mesophyll will turn yellow, while the growth of some plants on the ground is weak, serious will lead to leaves and branches withered, the whole plant death, the roots of the diseased plants were found to be rotten and dark brown.

High incidence period: the field environment is humid, water accumulation is serious. In addition, the plants which were not transplanted with soil ball during Ramet transplanting were also susceptible to disease.

Prevention and Cure Method: after the soil is deeply turned, carbofuran can be applied, and carbendazim WP can be sprinkled on the base of peony root, every 10 days, to ensure that the medicine can be deep underground.

04 Leaf spot

Damage parts: leaves and shoots

Manifestation: 15 days after flowering, brown spots appear on the abaxial surface of the leaves, the edge of the color is darker, and then developed into an irregular circular spots, all the spots can be connected into one, leading to leaf wither and fall. Infected stems and stalks produce raised lesions, and pathogens can overwinter in stems, leaves, and soil.

High incidence period: generally in the rainy season onset of serious, in high temperature and humid conditions.

Control methods:

1 cut off the infected branches in time before and after the beginning of winter and burn them to ensure that the pathogen was completely eliminated.

2 Bordeaux mixture and thiophanate-methyl were sprayed 3-4 times before the onset of the disease.

05Botrytis cinerea

Damage parts: young plants and peony flowers, stems and leaves and other parts

Manifestation: cause the tree peony seedling lodging and withering, death. The infected parts give birth to gray mold, brown spot also appears on the stem, peony peony seed will be seriously affected when the peduncles encounter this kind of disease.

High incidence: July-august every year, when the weather is wet.

Control methods:

1 new soil transplanting, old soil can be sprayed with pentachloronitrobenzene wettable powder for disinfection treatment.

2 control planting density, ensure timely drainage after ventilation and light permeability.

3 the infected branches, leaves and buds should be cleaned up in time, and the whole plant should be pulled out and destroyed.

4 Bordeaux mixture and thiophanate-methyl solution can be used to prevent and cure the disease.

05 seedling damping-off disease

Damage parts: stem base and whole plant

Manifestation: in the process of seedling raising and germination, seedling damping-off will lead to hypocotyl and leaf rot. The seedlings were infected by the disease after they were unearthed, and the first damage was to the base of the stem. Canker lesions appeared on the affected parts, then changed from light brown to yellow brown, and spread around the whole stem, seeds that have not sprouted can also be infected when the disease is severe. Usually, seedling damping-off is mainly caused by pathogenic fungi of the genus Phytophthora. The disease can be spread by means of agricultural machinery, transplanting and farm manure.

Control methods:

1 select disease-free new soil, do not use diseased field to raise seedlings, but also choose Mancozeb and metalaxyl medicament, evenly mix and spread on the border.

2 in addition, peony seeds should be disinfected in 50 ° C warm water for 20 min, then diluted with pyrazolium and Mancozeb etc.

Why paeoniarockii (gansu mudan) is more valuable than other tree peony varieties

For tree peonies, China has a long history of cultivation. China is the birthplace of the world's tree peonies. Through continuous development, many precious varieties have been cultivated, and they have a heavy position in the global peonies, in China, tree peonies represent wealth, harmony, peace and health. Each family yard or flowerpot will be planted with a peony tree.

China has a vast region, the special geographical location and climate of the Chinese tree peony and divided into northern tree peony and southern tree peony, the most representative of the northern tree peony is produced in Gansu Paeonia rockii, southern peony is the most representative of Henan, Shandong peony.

Located in the Northwest China, Gansu province is rich in natural resources and is the second most popular tourist destination in Asia, in this barren soil bred out of a tree peony people can not forget the variety of paeoniarockii(gansumudan).

In the 19th century, Joseph F. Rock, a famous botanist, discovered the tree in Gansu province and introduced it to Europe,To now constantly exported from Gansu around the world, the widespread spread of the value of paeoniarockii

so why the value of paeoniarockii (gansumudan) is higher than other treepeony varieties, I will explain from the following aspects

1. Paeonia rockii planting simple, can adapt to a variety of soil, stable flowering

2. Paeonia rockii is the only tree in the world can grow into tree peony, high degree of anti-aging lignification

3. The fragrance of paeoniarockii (gansu mudan )is stronger than that of other tree peonies. The fragrance of one flower is better than that of 100 flowers

Four. Paeonia rockii has strong cold resistance and can overwinter naturally under the environment of -30 degrees without artificial protection

 

TECHNIQUES OF FERTILIZING TREE PEONY

 First, before germination to fertilize before the buds

As we know, peonies are more beautiful and large when they bloom, and they consume more nutrients. In spring, peonies not only have to blossom, but also have branches and leaves, so in spring, the leaves and buds are ready to be fertilized when the flower buds sprout.

Before fertilizing, first water, to ensure a certain amount of moisture, so the peony will be better absorption, and play the due fertilizer effect. At this time, we can use decomposed organic fertilizer, such as decomposed chicken manure, decomposed cake fertilizer, etc. , and try to mix a little compound fertilizer, such fertilizer, all kinds of nutrients are more complete, can meet the needs of peony growth and the coming flowers.

Pay attention to fertilization point and peony should have a certain distance, avoid and root direct contact, as far as possible ring-shaped fertilization, is conducive to uniform absorption of roots everywhere.

In addition, when the bud appears, you can use some phosphate fertilizer, but also leaves sprayed with Monopotassium phosphate, which will make the peony flowers bloom more colorful, bloom longer, wait until the flower color, exposed, do not fertilize.

Two, after using flower fertilizer

People pay attention to the fertilizer before flowering, after flowering, they often put the peony flower aside and no longer manage it. In fact, this is a misunderstanding. After flowering, the management and fertilization of the peony flower are more important. After the peony blossom, will consume a lot of nutrients, so after the peony blossom, you can cut off residual flowers, use fertilizer, let peony rest, restore vitality, and, conducive to flower bud differentiation from June to August.

The time for applying fertilizer after flowering is about half a month after flowering. This time, it is May when the temperature is not very high. At this time, you can use some mature organic fertilizer, mix, some compound fertilizer, both to supplement energy, improve the quality of flower bud differentiation.

By June, the crucial period for flower bud differentiation has begun, but this is the hot season, so it is not appropriate to fertilize the roots, but you can spray some Monopotassium phosphate every half month to speed up the bud differentiation.

Three, good use of winter fertilizer

In the fall of September to October, the peony is about to enter the dormancy period, when we use overwintering fertilizer, so that the peony flower accumulation of nutrients and energy, for the overwintering and flowering next year ready.

This application of fertilizer, should be mainly decomposed manure, can raise the ground temperature, and can be mixed with some phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, improve the ability of cold peony flowers, for the next flowering storage,

The key point of planting rockii peony

 The method to planted ROCKII Peony in land or pot are essentially the same, the key points are as follows:

for peony’s root is Intensive, if not careful when planting, the soil is not easily filled into the root of the heart of peony, leading inside of the root can not let the soil infill, the core part is still empty after the seedlings were planted.

Part of roots contact with air so that the root of peony will mildew while growing, mildew will gradually make root rot, poor growth after germination, slowly dying phenomenon appears.

Second, land planted or potted plants are not watered too much. The specific approach is: peony planting immediately after pouring a permeable. After watering interval can not be too short, as long as the soil is kept moist. If the water is too much, soil airtight seedling growth process leaves will yellow and dying.

Third, the fertilization. Fertilizer in the soil can not be too much, especially inorganic fertilizers, too much will hurt the root system, it is best to the seedling leaves Expand, fertilizer spray once every ten days page, but the concentration is not large.

Fourth, to trim. Pruning is an important part of the seedlings were planted seedlings were planted sure to Ruomiao the trimmed. Maintain a 3-5 strains robust branches, so that nutrition can be set to ensure that the main branches vigorous growth, a good start to spend.

Fifth, the light. Peony to hi lighting, nursery stock can not be placed in insufficient light for a long time. Only in the flowering buds fully formed, in order to meet the manual set the flowering period (extended flowering period) may be appropriate shade, generally no more than seven days.

Management of tree peonies in spring

 tree Peony is a small deciduous shrub of the genus Paeonia in the family Paeoniaceae. Its flowers are large in color and various in appearance. It is one of the ten most famous flowers in China and has a good reputation as“The beauty of the country and the fragrance of heaven” and“The king of Flowers”. The flowering period of peony is from April to May. Spring is a critical period for the growth of peony. In order to ensure the quality of flowering and post-flowering growth of tree peony, the following field management measures should be mastered.

1 pay attention to cold, scientific watering

In China, peony sprouts in early spring in early February and the climate is changeable in early spring. In order to avoid peony being hurt by cold current and late frost, we should pay attention to cold prevention work and water in early spring to lower ground temperature and delay sprouts. Water to choose the warm weather when watering, and in the peony is about to bloom when you want to stop watering.

2 appropriate shaping and pruning, wiping bud

sparse budIn early spring, flower bud germination, flower bud development, growth of sprouting shoots, to ensure the healthy growth of peony flowers, large, pure color, fragrance, do a good job, do fine pre-spring flower field management is very important. Plastic and pruning is the focus of field management in spring, the correct plastic and pruning methods are particularly important, including the following aspects.

2.1 peony pruning

On the basis of winter pruning, the missed overlapping branches, cross branches, thin and weak branches, inward growing branches, pest and disease branches were“Pruned”. To truncate and top off the branches whose terminal buds are leaf buds or abnormal buds to remove the sprouting tillers so as to concentrate the nutrients on flower buds.

2.2Paeonia suffruticosa sprouts refers to the removal of the root sprouts grow out of the adventitious buds, commonly known as the“Soil bud.”. Peony basic plant type fixed, there are still a considerable number of“Soil bud” germination every year, “Soil bud” to remove to ensure that the main branch of nutrition, will be colorful. However, not all“Sprouts” must be removed, according to the needs of plant type and old branches renewal, can be appropriate to retain and cultivate strong“Sprouts.”.

2.3Peony blossom has“Big and small year” phenomenon. When the peony bud, according to the tree and last year flowering situation, the appropriate bud thinning. It is better to work early rather than late. If there are many buds in that year, can be regarded as“Big year”, should be thin on the thin branches of the small and thin part of the buds to sparse, thinning about 1/3 of the total plant buds. For newly planted peonies, all the buds should be removed in the next spring to prevent them from blooming, so as to concentrate nutrition and promote development.

3 fertilize

Reasonable fertilization can make the peony flower color more gorgeous, the flower shape more plump, the petal is bigger, fully displays the peony’s elegant and the national color heavenly fragrance. Fertilization should be carried out before peony blossom, and it is suitable to show bud to Little Wind-bell period. The main fertilizer was quick-acting fertilizer, and phosphorus fertilizer was applied. N-p-k compound fertilizer or calcium superphosphate, which is mainly applied as nitrogen fertilizer, is generally applied. The ratio of N, P and K was 2∶2∶1 or 2∶1∶1. The method of fertilization and the amount of fertilizer should be based on the tree peony seedling size and production purposes. Among them, more than 5 years to ornamental-based adult plants, the plant spacing is larger, you can take hole application. In a place far from the root of the peony, shovel digging depth of 15 cm about the hole, each hole into fertilizer 20-30 g, after applying soil cover. For young seedlings, the amount of fertilizer should be controlled at about 10g per plant. The newly transplanted plant may be free of plantar fertilizer during the first spring because it was fertilized at the time of planting. For the plot of seedling breeding, because the spacing between plant and row is small, the fertilizer dosage of sprinkling or furrowing strip is 20-30kg/667m ~ 2 compound fertilizer. Do not over-fertilize, so as not to cause fertilizer damage, affect the growth of peony. After fertilization, watering in time can help the root to absorb nutrients better and transport to the bud part of the plant to ensure good growth. Fertilization operation should be careful, the bud is very easy to be knocked off, artificial or mechanical operation, try not to bruise buds and branches, reduce mechanical damage. In half a month after the end of the flower, to apply 1 times to the main compound fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer can also be applied by some appropriate mature fermentation of the ring fertilizer. If the plant does not grow well after flowering, it can also be fertilized with 0.2% Monopotassium phosphate solution on the foliage to make the plant flourish.